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Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj Ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Ismail Al-Khalidi〔(JOHOR (Sultanate) ) Retrieved 3 January 2009〕〔''Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996)'', Horton, pg 290〕〔''Siapa kebal, Mahathir atau raja-raja Melayu?'', Yahaya Ismail, pg 42〕 (8 April 1932 – 22 January 2010) He was the 24th Sultan of Johor and the 4th Sultan of modern Johor. He succeeded his father, Sultan Ismail, upon the former's death in 10 May 1981. and was the eighth Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Malay for Supreme King or High King) of Malaysia, from 26 April 1984 to 25 April 1989. Sultan Iskandar reign lasted for almost 29 years until his death in January 2010, upon which he was succeeded by his oldest son, Sultan Ibrahim Ismail. As was the case with his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim,〔'' Johore and the Origins of British Control'', Nesalamar Nadarajah, pg 128〕 Sultan Iskandar's independent mindset resulted in strained relations with the Malaysian federal government on numerous occasions. This was more so during his days as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,〔''Asian Recorder'' (1984), pg 17808〕 whereby a number of notable public incidents involved Sultan Iskandar.〔''Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85 (1988)'', Low, pg 185〕 Nevertheless, Sultan Iskandar was reputed to show great concern to his subjects, and was held in high esteem by many of his subjects–particularly the Malays and Orang Aslis.〔Thanam Visvanathan, ''Ruler with deep concern for people–Sultan Iskandar revered as protective guardian and helpful to all his subjects'', pg 1, 8 April 2001, New Sunday Times ''Special'' (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)〕 Sultan Iskandar is reputed to have been a staunch disciplinarian, with willingness to occasionally voice personal opinions on governmental issues. On the personal side, subjects who have personally approached the Sultan in his later years described him as a person with a warm〔(Inspiring ruler ), Nelson Benjamin, 8 April 2007, The Star (Malaysia)〕 and generous personality.〔(Johor Sultan's birthday celebration at Dataran Bandaraya in JB today ), 8 April 2008, The Star (Malaysia)〕 However, past critics had also argued that Sultan Iskandar was a person with a turbulent temper.〔Tan, Chee Khoon (1985), pg 5〕〔Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 32〕 These claims were made by citing records of past notorious incidents,〔Clad (1989), pg 57〕 which include an experience of being disinherited from being the Tunku Mahkota of Johor (or Crown Prince in English) by his father, in 1961, as well as a series of alleged criminal acts occurring between the 1970s and the 1990s which were published in the press and provoked widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public.〔Abdullah (2003), pg 148〕〔Kershaw (2001), pg 102–3〕 During his younger days as a prince, Malay royalty〔Tunku is spelled as in Johor. ''Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story'', K.N. Nadarajah, pg 50〕 Iskandar was commonly known by his first name, "Mahmud"〔''Facts on File Yearbook'', by Facts on File, inc., 1957, Phrase: "Married: Prince Tunku Mahmud, 24, grandson of the Sultan of Johore, & Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, 21, daughter of an English textile ..."〕〔''Malaysia'', by British Association of Malaysia, British Association of Malaysia and Singapore, Phrase: " Mahmood of Jo-hore. On 5 August 1960, at the Istana Bukit ..."〕 or his full name "Mahmud Iskandar". He largely discontinued the use of his first name after he became Sultan in 1981,〔Andresen (1992), pg 138〕 although some people still refer to him by his full name on an occasional basis.〔(Demolish causeway: Johor Sultan ), 5 November 2006, Dailyexpress〕〔 ==Early life== Sultan Iskandar (known as Mahmud Iskandar until 1981) was the third son of Sultan Ismail ibni Sultan Ibrahim by Sultanah Ungku Tun Aminah binti Ungku Paduka Bena Sri Maharaja Utama Ahmad, and was born on 8 April 1932 in Istana Semayam, Johor Bahru.〔''Pemerintah dan pemimpin-pemimpin kerajaan Malaysia'', Siti Rosnah Haji Ahmad, pg 71〕 (He had two older brothers, both of whom died in infancy.)〔(Johor15 ), (by Christopher Buyers ), Retrieved 22 February 2009〕 Mahmud received his primary and secondary education in Ngee Heng Primary School and the English College Johore Bahru (now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar) in Johor Bahru. In 1952, he was sent to Australia for tertiary education at the Trinity Grammar School. After graduating in 1953, Mahmud travelled to the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, where he enrolled into the Upper Chine School for three years.〔''Information Malaysia'' (1985), pg 58〕 Upon completing his studies, Mahmud returned to Malaysia in 1956 and briefly served as a cadet officer in the Johor Civil Service,〔(His Majesty and Her Majesty ), Website of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Retrieved 3 January 2009〕 taking charge of affairs in District Affairs, Land and Treasury departments until his appointment as the Mahkota of Johor in May 1959.〔 In 1956, Mahmud married Josephine Trevorrow, from Cornwall, United Kingdom, with whom he had four children, including the crown prince, Ibrahim Ismail. The marriage ended with divorce in 1962.〔Andresen (1992), pg 123〕 He remarried in 1961 – shortly before his divorce to Trevorrow, to Tengku Zanariah, who came from the Kelantan royal family. Tengku Zanariah had six children with the Sultan.〔〔Sleeman (2004), pg 827〕 Analysts such as Kate Wharton have observed that any literal references to Trevorrow's association with Sultan Iskandar was carefully omitted in all official biographies.〔Abdul Rahman, Solomon (1985), pg 21〕 Mahmud was appointed the Mahkota of Johor from 1959 to 1961, and Raja Muda from 1966 to 1981, by Sultan Ismail. On 29 April 1981, he was re-appointed as the Mahkota shortly before his father's death.〔(Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah, Sultan Iskandar Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ismail Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iskandar of Johor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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